SQL EXCEPT子句
SQL EXCEPT子句/操作符用於合並兩個SELECT語句,並從那些冇有被第二個SELECT語句返回的第一個SELECT語句返回行。這意味著EXCEPT僅返回行,在第二個SELECT語句不可用。
正如使用UNION操作,同樣的規則時,使用EXCEPT操作符適用。MySQL不支持EXCEPT運算符。
語法
EXCEPT基本的語法如下:
SELECT column1 [, column2 ] FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE condition] EXCEPT SELECT column1 [, column2 ] FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE condition]
在這裡,給定的條件可能是根據您的需要給定任意的表達。
例子:
考慮下麵的兩個表中,(a)CUSTOMERS表如下:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+ | ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY | +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+ | 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 | | 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 | | 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 | | 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 | | 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 | | 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 | | 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 | +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
(b)另一個ORDERS表如下:
+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+ |OID | DATE | CUSTOMER_ID | AMOUNT | +-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+ | 102 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 | 3 | 3000 | | 100 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 | 3 | 1500 | | 101 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 | 2 | 1560 | | 103 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 | 4 | 2060 | +-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
現在,讓我們在SELECT語句中加入這兩個表如下:
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE FROM CUSTOMERS LEFT JOIN ORDERS ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID EXCEPT SELECT ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE FROM CUSTOMERS RIGHT JOIN ORDERS ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID;
這將產生以下結果:
+----+---------+--------+---------------------+ | ID | NAME | AMOUNT | DATE | +----+---------+--------+---------------------+ | 1 | Ramesh | NULL | NULL | | 5 | Hardik | NULL | NULL | | 6 | Komal | NULL | NULL | | 7 | Muffy | NULL | NULL | +----+---------+--------+---------------------+