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LISP - 對象係統(CLOS)

Common Lisp通過幾十年的麵向對象編程的推進。但是,麵向對象被並入是在它最後一階段。

類的定義

defclass宏允許創建用戶定義的類。它建立了一個類作為數據類型。它的語法如下:

(DEFCLASS class-name (superclass-name*)
  (slot-description*)
  class-option*)

插槽是存儲數據變量或字段。

slot-description形式(插槽名稱插槽選項*),其中每個選項是一個關鍵字後跟一個名字,表達式和其他選項。最常用的槽選項是:

  • :accessor 函數名稱

  • :initform 表達式

  • :initarg 符號

例如,讓我們定義一個Box類,有三個槽的長度,廣度和高度。

(defclass Box () 
(length 
breadth 
height))

提供訪問和讀/寫控製到一個插槽

除非有插槽可以訪問,讀取或寫入的值,類是好看不中用。

當定義一個類可以為每個插槽指定訪問。例如,把我們的Box類:

(defclass Box ()
  ((length :accessor length)
   (breadth :accessor breadth)
   (height :accessor height)))

也可以讀取和寫入一個插槽指定單獨的訪問器的名稱。

(defclass Box ()
    ((length :reader get-length :writer set-length)
     (breadth :reader get-breadth :writer set-breadth)
     (height :reader get-height :writer set-height)))

類創建實例

通用函數make-instance創建並返回一個類的新實例。

它的語法如下:

(make-instance class {initarg value}*)

示例

讓我們創建一個Box類,有三個插槽,長度,寬度和高度。我們將使用三個插槽存取到這些字段設置的值。

創建一個名為main.lisp一個新的源代碼文件,並在其中輸入如下代碼:

(defclass box ()
  ((length :accessor box-length)
   (breadth :accessor box-breadth)
   (height :accessor box-height)))
(setf item (make-instance 'box))
(setf (box-length item) 10)
(setf (box-breadth item) 10)
(setf (box-height item) 5)
(format t "Length of the Box is ~d~%" (box-length item))
(format t "Breadth of the Box is ~d~%" (box-breadth item))
(format t "Height of the Box is ~d~%" (box-height item))

當執行代碼,它返回以下結果:

Length of the Box is 10
Breadth of the Box is 10
Height of the Box is 5

定義一個類的方法

defmethod宏允許在類中定義一個方法。下麵的示例擴展Box類包含一個方法名為volume。

創建一個名為main.lisp一個新的源代碼文件,並在其中輸入如下代碼:

(defclass box ()
  ((length :accessor box-length)
   (breadth :accessor box-breadth)
   (height :accessor box-height)
   (volume :reader volume)))

; method calculating volume   

(defmethod volume ((object box))
  (* (box-length object) (box-breadth object)(box-height object)))

 ;setting the values 

(setf item (make-instance 'box))
(setf (box-length item) 10)
(setf (box-breadth item) 10)
(setf (box-height item) 5)

; displaying values

(format t "Length of the Box is ~d~%" (box-length item))
(format t "Breadth of the Box is ~d~%" (box-breadth item))
(format t "Height of the Box is ~d~%" (box-height item))
(format t "Volume of the Box is ~d~%" (volume item))

當執行代碼,它返回以下結果:

Length of the Box is 10
Breadth of the Box is 10
Height of the Box is 5
Volume of the Box is 500

繼承

LISP允許在另一個對象來定義一個對象。這就是所謂的繼承。可以通過添加功能,新的或不同的創建派生類。派生類繼承了父類的功能。

下麵的例子說明了這一點:

示例

創建一個名為main.lisp一個新的源代碼文件,並在其中輸入如下代碼:

(defclass box ()
  ((length :accessor box-length)
   (breadth :accessor box-breadth)
   (height :accessor box-height)
   (volume :reader volume)))
; method calculating volume   
(defmethod volume ((object box))
  (* (box-length object) (box-breadth object)(box-height object)))
  
;wooden-box class inherits the box class  
(defclass wooden-box (box)
((price :accessor box-price)))

 ;setting the values 
(setf item (make-instance 'wooden-box))
(setf (box-length item) 10)
(setf (box-breadth item) 10)
(setf (box-height item) 5)
(setf (box-price item) 1000)

; displaying values

(format t "Length of the Wooden Box is ~d~%" (box-length item))
(format t "Breadth of the Wooden Box is ~d~%" (box-breadth item))
(format t "Height of the Wooden Box is ~d~%" (box-height item))
(format t "Volume of the Wooden Box is ~d~%" (volume item))
(format t "Price of the Wooden Box is ~d~%" (box-price item))

當執行代碼,它返回以下結果:

Length of the Wooden Box is 10
Breadth of the Wooden Box is 10
Height of the Wooden Box is 5
Volume of the Wooden Box is 500
Price of the Wooden Box is 1000