Shell 替代
替代是什麼?
Shell當它遇到一個表達式,其中包含一個或多個特殊字符進行替代。
例子:
下麵的例子,同時使打印取代的其值的變量的值。同時“ ”是一個新行取代:
#!/bin/sh a=10 echo -e "Value of a is $a "
這將產生下麵的結果。這裡-e選項可以解釋反斜杠轉義。
Value of a is 10
下麵是結果冇有-e選項:
Value of a is 10
這裡echo命令可以用在以下轉義序列:
轉義 | 描述 |
---|---|
\ | backslash |
a | alert (BEL) |
backspace | |
c | suppress trailing newline |
f | form feed |
new line | |
carriage return | |
horizontal tab | |
v | vertical tab |
可以使用-E選項禁用解釋反斜杠轉義(默認)。
您可以使用-n選項來禁用插入新行。
命令替換:
命令替換shell執行的機製,一組給定的命令,然後替代它們的輸出在命令。
語法
執行命令替換的命令時,被給定為:
`command`
當執行命令替換,確保您使用的是反引號,不是單引號字符。
例子:
命令替換一般是用一個命令的輸出分配給一個變量。下麵的例子演示命令替換:
#!/bin/sh DATE=`date` echo "Date is $DATE" USERS=`who | wc -l` echo "Logged in user are $USERS" UP=`date ; uptime` echo "Uptime is $UP"
這將產生以下結果:
Date is Thu Jul 2 03:59:57 MST 2009 Logged in user are 1 Uptime is Thu Jul 2 03:59:57 MST 2009 03:59:57 up 20 days, 14:03, 1 user, load avg: 0.13, 0.07, 0.15
變量替代:
變量替換可使Shell程序員操縱變量的值,根據其狀態。
這裡是所有可能的替換如下表:
格式 | 描述 |
---|---|
${var} | Substitue the value of var. |
${var:-word} | If var is null or unset, word is substituted for var. The value of var does not change. |
${var:=word} | If var is null or unset, var is set to the value of word. |
${var:?message} | If var is null or unset, message is printed to standard error. This checks that variables are set correctly. |
${var:+word} | If var is set, word is substituted for var. The value of var does not change. |
例子:
下麵的例子顯示各種狀態,上述替代:
#!/bin/sh echo ${var:-"Variable is not set"} echo "1 - Value of var is ${var}" echo ${var:="Variable is not set"} echo "2 - Value of var is ${var}" unset var echo ${var:+"This is default value"} echo "3 - Value of var is $var" var="Prefix" echo ${var:+"This is default value"} echo "4 - Value of var is $var" echo ${var:?"Print this message"} echo "5 - Value of var is ${var}"
這將產生以下結果:
Variable is not set 1 - Value of var is Variable is not set 2 - Value of var is Variable is not set 3 - Value of var is This is default value 4 - Value of var is Prefix Prefix 5 - Value of var is Prefix